为什么析构函数一般写成虚函数

由于类的多态性,基类指针可以指向派生类的对象,如果删除该基类的指针,就会调用该指针指向的派生类析构函数,而派生类的析构函数又自动调用基类的析构函数,这样整个派生类的对象完全被释放。如果析构函数不被声明成虚函数,则编译器实施静态绑定,在删除基类指针时,只会调用基类的析构函数而不调用派生类析构函数,这样就会造成派生类对象析构不完全,造成内存泄漏。所以将析构函数声明为虚函数是十分必要的。在实现多态时,当用基类操作派生类,在析构时防止只析构基类而不析构派生类的状况发生,要将基类的析构函数声明为虚函数。举个例子:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Parent{
public:
    Parent(){
        cout << "Parent construct function"  << endl;
    };
    ~Parent(){
        cout << "Parent destructor function" <<endl;
    }
};

class Son : public Parent{
public:
    Son(){
        cout << "Son construct function"  << endl;
    };
    ~Son(){
        cout << "Son destructor function" <<endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    Parent* p = new Son();
    delete p;
    p = NULL;
    return 0;
}
//运行结果:
//Parent construct function
//Son construct function
//Parent destructor function

将基类的析构函数声明为虚函数:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Parent{
public:
    Parent(){
        cout << "Parent construct function"  << endl;
    };
    virtual ~Parent(){
        cout << "Parent destructor function" <<endl;
    }
};

class Son : public Parent{
public:
    Son(){
        cout << "Son construct function"  << endl;
    };
    ~Son(){
        cout << "Son destructor function" <<endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    Parent* p = new Son();
    delete p;
    p = NULL;
    return 0;
}
//运行结果:
//Parent construct function
//Son construct function
//Son destructor function
//Parent destructor function